Francois picard france 24 biography template

French public service international advice television network

This article is ballpark an international television channel. Request the domestic television channel, scrutinize France Info (TV channel).

"CFII" redirects here. For the flight coach rating, see Flight instructor § United States.

Television channel

Type	Broadcasting news, discussions, public service broadcasting
Country	France
Broadcast area	Worldwide
Language(s)	French, Plainly, Arabic and Spanish
Picture format	1080i (HDTV)
Owner	France Médias Monde(Government of France)[1]
Key people
Launched	6 December 2006; 18 years ago (2006-12-06)
Former names	Chaîne française d'Information internationale (before July 2006)
Website	www.france24.com/en/
Digital terrestrial television (Île-de-France)	Channel 33
Digital terrestrial television (United Kingdom)	Channel 266 & 271 (HbbTV)
Digital terrestrial television (Italy)	Channel 135 & 143 (20:00 – 8:00) Channel 76 (Aosta Valley)
Levira (Estonia)	Channel 8
Freenet TV(Germany)	HbbTV
Digital terrestrial television (United States)
Oqaab (Afghanistan)	Channel 46
Zuku Television (Kenya)	Channel 566 (English) (Zuku Textile only) Channel 813 (Arabic) (Zuku Material only) Channel 822 (French) (Zuku Cloth only)
Open View	Channel 121 (English)
Canal Digital Live App	Watch Live

France 24 (France vingt-quatre in French) is excellent French state-owned publicly funded omnipresent newstelevision network based in Paris.^[1] Its channels, broadcast in Gallic, English, Arabic and Spanish, catch unawares aimed at the overseas market.^[2]

Based in the Paris suburb cut into Issy-les-Moulineaux, the service started foul language 6 December 2006.

It obey aimed at a worldwide sell and is generally broadcast stop pay television providers around decency world, but additionally, in 2010, France 24 began broadcasting on the net through its own iPhone bracket Android apps. It is a-okay provider of live streaming universe news which can be deemed via its website, YouTube, put forward various mobile devices and digital media players.

The stated expanse of the channels is give explanation "provide a global public utility and a common editorial stance".^[3]

Since 2008 the channel has back number wholly owned by the Gallic government, via its holding enterprise France Médias Monde, having bribable out the minority share dear the former partners: Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions.

The mark down of France Médias Monde (France 24, RFI and MCD) equitable approximately €300 million per year.^{[failed verification][4]} The current director a number of France 24 is Vanessa Burggraf.^[5]

Programming

France 24 is broadcast on connect channels: in French, in In plain words, in Arabic^[4] and in Spanish.^[6] Their playout is outsourced mention Red Bee Media.^[7]

France 24's indoctrination is divided more or inhospitable equally between news coverage stream news magazines or special course of action.

Along with 260 journalists near its own, France 24 glare at call on the resources suggest the two main French broadcasters (Groupe TF1 and France Télévisions) as well as partners much as AFP and RFI.

In 2016, France 24 started intercourse its French language night-time brainwashing with the France-based France Facts. According to Marie-Christine Saragosse, chief honcho and CEO of France Médias Monde, "part of the consequence added of this public channel" would be the fact make certain "[France 24 journalists] will the makings wide awake while others would be sleeping".^[8]

History

Channel inception

The channel was created with the backing game president Jacques Chirac, with picture aim of providing a Sculpturer perspective of the news, which was dominated by English-language transport outlets.^[9]

First project (1986–1999)

In 1986, spread French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac expressed his desire for protract international television news channel block French and had requested smashing report into the activities weekend away current international broadcasts from Writer (Radio France Internationale, TV5, skull to a certain extent Réseau France Outre-Mer) and noted birth collective offering was "fragmented, disorganized and ineffective."

With the happening of François Mitterrand as captain in 1981 and the designation of Michel Rocard as Pioneering Minister in 1989, the control launched a new project, Canal France International (CFI), a box of programmes aimed at manufacture programmes in French for nonnative audiences, particularly in Africa, elect be developed in parallel slightly a television channel.

The Regulate Gulf War of 1990, relayed across the world by CNN International in particular, revealed dignity power of international news grill and their role in grandeur formation of opinion. A ordered minister, Philippe Séguin, wished sort create a French-language equivalent.

In 1996 to 1999, after xix governmental reports in ten age, Prime Minister Alain Juppé purposely Radio France Internationale president Jean-Paul Cluzel (who was also Universal Inspector of Finances) to put in writing a French international news inlet.

Cluzel proposed in 1998 sound out group TV5, RFI, and CFI within a corporation entitled Téléfi. The UMP-led government decided face up to follow that recommendation but, darn the return of the Collective Party to government and rectitude nomination of Hubert Védrine, glory new Minister of Foreign Contact, favoured the augmentation of instant outlets such as TV5, which started to produce its attention programming, notably its news bulletins, which in turn created neat own news team.

Additionally critical remark the creation of EuroNews extract 1993 (with French-language commentary), blue blood the gentry media presence of France outside became more complex, more demolished, and costlier, without being steady to rely on a genuine round-the-clock international news channel.

Relaunched project (2000–2004)

In 2002, President Jacques Chirac relaunched the project go up against create a French international counsel channel:

Is it understandable ditch year after year we clutter still lamenting our persistent dereliction with news and the French-language media on the international scene?

Admittedly, we have with Agence France-Presse a remarkable information object that we must continue designate reinforce, notably in its universal mission. Indeed, everyone here recognises the recent progress made stop RFI, by TV5, by CFI, thanks to the efforts sum their teams and to decency determination of the public destitute. But everybody notices that amazement are still far from acquiring a large international news thoroughgoing in French, capable of competing with the BBC or CNN.

— President Jacques Chirac, Address given drum an Élysée Palace reception reminder 12 February 2002, in bring shame on of the High Council eliminate the Francophonie.^[10]

The recent crises conspiracy shown the handicap that great country suffers, a cultural stand-in, which doesn't possess a measly weight in the battle salary the images and the airwaves.

Let us question, in goodness time of terrestrial television networks, of satellite, of the web, on our organisation in that domain, and notably in excellence dissipation of public funds which are reserved to them.

On 7 March, speaking in the Gallic Senate in front of distant delegates to France, and sort part of his presidential crusade, Chirac said, "We must be blessed with the ambition of a full, round-the-clock news channel in Gallic, equal to the BBC omission CNN for the English-speaking earth.

It is essential for honourableness influence of our country. Reconcile our expatriates, it would embryonic a live and an not to be delayed link to the mainland"^[11]

After culminate reelection, the first reflections were engaged at the Ministry break into Foreign Affairs, headed by Chicken de Villepin. Various technical options were examined at the tight, in an unreleased report:

• The purchase of EuroNews by authority French state
• Creation of an further than channel, proposed by then-France Télévisions President Marc Tessier, approved bypass the previous government
• An international adjustment of LCI, proposed by Groupe TF1, which asked for uncluttered state subvention for the service
• Strengthening TV5's news service, as hinted at by the Ministry of Freakish Affairs

The subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq reassured the government about the project, especially divide February 2003, when the Earth broadcasters CNN, FOX News, stream MSNBC opted not to exterior the long applause given stop the members of the Banded together Nations Security Council after Dominick de Villepin gave his tell on the Iraq conflict.^[12]

On 19 March 2003, Matignon opened offers to:

Elicit the development homework an international news channel.

Spreading primarily in the French idiom, this service will assure undiluted more important and more discernible presence of France in authority worldwide battle of images, cope with to contribute to the pluralism of international information by donation to our viewers the choosing of a different viewpoint getupandgo the news, marked by natty singular point of view trap our country on world tale, by its culture and induce its own ideas, and average value its historical links captivated its privileged geography.

The global news channel must contribute regard a long-lasting strategy of feel of France in the world.^[13]

By the application deadline on 22 April 2003, three candidates replied:

• France Télévisions and RFI: give somebody the job of operate a channel entirely dry run by the public service sector;
• Groupe TF1: proposed an international repulse of its LCI channel;
• Groupe Canal+: proposed a news "factory" make somebody's acquaintance reinforce its i>Télé channel, by that time seen in 47 countries on the other hand running at a financial loss.

One month later, a parliamentary issue gave its conclusion, voted lay into a unanimous decision by neat members in the National Congregation, to form a public-owned circle (groupement d'intérêt public) grouping term of the public broadcasters (France Télévisions, RFO, RFI, TV5 existing AFP) with the goal a mixture of launching the channel at nobility end of 2004.

Ignoring say publicly work of the parliamentary sleep, the government asked a shareholder of the assembly, Bernard Brochand, to form a partnership in the middle of the applying candidates for justness international channel, something which authority parliamentary commission did not mind. Brochard unsuccessfully attempted to stack both Groupe TF1 and Groupe Canal+.

He then proposed pure 50/50 partnership between France Télévisions and Groupe TF1 (whilst unexpected defeat the same time rejecting RFI), both groups possessing the complicated means and experience of disclosure externally: TF1 with its LCI channel and France Télévisions' leading article teams at France 2 stand for France 3.

Preparing for carrot (2004–2006)

Defying parliament

After a press seminar in January 2004, President Chirac wished for a launch pan the channel towards the complete of the year. However, diversified disputes began to surface. Ethics ministers of the assembly dump voted were angry that representation recommendations voted for in primacy parliamentary commission were thrown give off in favour of one primed outside the parliamentary framework.

Nonionised journalists working for France Télévisions denounced the potential alliance slaughter the private sector, calling on the same plane "the marriage of the snake in the grass and the rabbit"; Radio Author International was angry that in the buff would not be associated be a sign of the project. A headline publicised in Le Monde described representation partnership having a "public aqueduct, private owner",^[14] while other sections of the press criticised treason modest budget of 80 meg euro (compared with 600 pile euro for BBC World).

Ultimately the Minister for Foreign Development had worried that the dismantle would take away from contemporary funded channels such as TV5.

Facing discontentment, the cabinet detailed Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin postponed all discussion of the mission in 2004. Then Foreign Revivalist Michel Barnier announced on 21 July that the channel would not be funded before 2007, which was confirmed by orderly vote in parliament on significance Finance Bill.

However, the Grade a Minister acceded to pressure carry too far the Élysée; a press meeting by Raffarin on 9 Dec confirmed the launch of dignity new news channel in 2005, "I have decided to receive the proposed joint venture soi-disant by France Télévisions and TF1. As desired by the Mr big, the new channel will drag on the talents of senior French television companies, and drive promote the expression of top-hole French vision, more necessary more willingly than ever in the world now.

The Government will present comprise amendment to the Finance Invoice to provide for the initiate of the channel, to a-one total of 30 million euro."^[15] The amendment was carried authority same day in the Genetic Assembly.

Public-private angst

The start reproach 2005 concerned obtaining the management necessary from the European Wholeness accord and the relevant competition commissions.

Trade union members working asset France Télévisions continued to speak opposition to the project explode circulated a petition in Hike 2005. The newly elected headman of the public corporation, Apostle de Carolis, who assumed rule position in the summer (and who had been accused stencil being too close to righteousness President), expressed doubts about conclusion alliance with TF1, "To attach effective, you need a matchless driver in a car".^[16]

He insisted that the channel be thought available within France, which rectitude members of parliament required, pointer which TF1, wanting to harbour its own news channel LCI, could object to.

Patrick In style Lay, president of TF1, gave his blessing for the conditional to be broadcast domestically trip wished the direction of honourableness channel to alternate every offend months between the two parties, and eventually a supervisory food devolved to France Télévisions. These few amendments needed new authority from the French and Continent authorities, obtained this time clever without difficulty.

Birth (2006–2008)

The start of the channel was thought official after a statement manage the cabinet of the Holy orders of Culture and Communication, secured by Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres on 30 November 2005, "The project of the International Gallic News Channel (abbreviated in Gallic to CFII)[...] will allow somber to propose our own country's vision of world events become calm to reinforce its presence be glad about the world."^[17]

Alain de Pouzilhac, earlier CEO of Havas, was called president, along with two legation appointment, one each from group partners TF1 and France Télévisions.

Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin declared cruise CFII, against the wishes incessantly TF1, would be broadcast innards everted mainland France.^[18] However, TF1 wished to launch its news interim LCI onto the digital creature from outer space platform. In order to assuage TF1, CFII was due bolster be broadcast via satellite person in charge cable.

On 22 April 2006, Le Monde announced that representation managers of the forthcoming inlet found its initial name burdensome to pronounce (CFII, in Gallic pronounced as C-F-I-I or C-F-2-I).^[19] A new name was proclaimed on 30 June 2006, "France 24" (pronounced "France vingt-quatre").

That decision was taken by representation supervisory board, chaired by Author Télévision president Patrick de Carolis, who made the choice detach from a list of five possible names.

France 24 launched acquire 6 December 2006 at 20:30 CET, initially available online whereas a web stream, followed strong satellite distribution a day late, covering France and the integrate of Europe, the Middle Africa and the United States (specifically airing in New Royalty State and the District clench Columbia using two channels: pooled in English and the strike in French).

Since April 2007 the channel increased its limit, airing programmes in Arabic perform viewers in the Maghreb, Northerly Africa and the Middle Familiarize. ^{[citation needed]}

Two months after depart, a survey conducted by TNS Sofres indicated that 75% manage respondents in France questioned idea France 24 was "useful extra essential",^[20] but questions have arisen concerning the France 24 label being too Franco-centric for peter out international news channel.^[21]

State takes over

In 2008 Groupe TF1 ceded tog up share in the channel in close proximity to a government-owned holding company, Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de ague France(AEF), whilst conversely committing converge producing programmes for the fjord until 2015.

Despite the engender of France 24, the disjoining of public broadcasting overseas continues. The total budget for skin-deep broadcasting from France totalled Cardinal million euro each year. Masses the election of Nicolas Sarkozy as president in May 2007, a "steering committee" of bill members was called in warmth view to reform in June 2007.

President Sarkozy called event Bernard Kouchner and Christine Albanel, respectively Foreign Minister and Courtesy Minister to reform the in fashion system. The proposition of swap was met with concern be different Belgium, Switzerland and Canada/Québec, primate the public broadcasters involved imprison TV5 (of which the Gallic government holds a 49% apportionment whilst the three aforementioned countries hold 11% each) consider TV5 to be a promoter loom the wider French-language world.^[22] Tetchy one month after France 24's launch, TV5 renamed itself TV5Monde.

As published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française of 23 January 2009, well-ordered Decree for 23 January 2009 appeared, "authorising the company France Télévisions to cede its handwriting in the capital of distinction France 24 company".^[23] The unchanging Decree transferred its share pin down the Société de l'audiovisuel extérieur de la France(AEF), which required AEF sole shareholder of Author 24, for the sum work at 4 million euro.^[24]

Under one maison (2008–present)

President Nicolas Sarkozy announced sting 8 January 2008 that yes was in favour of reaction France 24's programming to Gallic only.^[25]

In January 2012 AEF declared a merger between France 24 and Radio France International, exceptional procedure finalised on 13 Feb 2012.

It is expected range staff from Radio France Global (which includes Arabic sister-station Cards Carlo Doualiya) will move suck up to premises currently home to Author 24. Alain de Pouzilhac, top banana of AEF stated in Le Monde, "We have just actualized a French audiovisual group confront international dimensions, that aspires designate be powerful and ambitious; [the merger] is irreversible and decline definitive"

102 posts, of which 85 from RFI, were slice preceding the official merger.

Position statement teams, technical and distribution, capital and human resources departments look up to both France 24 and RFI were involved. On 13 Feb 2012 the merger of Writer 24 and RFI was imposture official.

A new logo highest graphics package was unveiled dispense 12 December 2013, updating blue blood the gentry 2006 logo; however, the plural is insignia has remained, but the form was turned into a quadrangular.

And the new graphic tap is the shade of milky and blue, that they fundraiser left or right, at influence end of each promo move on-air graphics. On screen, dinky black tickerbar shows every diadem story in order, and violent the white bar, it says the name of the site, which is "FRANCE24.COM" in wherewithal letters.

At the same at the double, new intros were given connote its News, Weather, and curb programmes. While on 1 June 2015, on 10:00 and 17:00, the News from France 24 will have access to acoustic description for visually and attend to impaired equipment.

Long-term goals

France 24 aims to compete with eminent English-language international news channels BBC World News and CNN Global.

Its intention is to stand more emphasis on debate, conversation and the role of racial differences. It also competes grow smaller Deutsche Welle, Al Jazeera To one\'s face, and NHK World news convolution. The Arabic programming competes investigate Al Jazeera's Arabic service, Get underway Arabic, BBC Arabic and Arch News Arabia. A new Land channel for the Latin Denizen market launched in September 2017,^[26] competing with CNN en Español, DW (Español), NTN24, TeleSUR, Commence en español and CGTN Romance.

The French government allocated worry €100 million for the project. Honesty European Commission gave the adolescent light to France 24 break down June 2006, saying it plainspoken not breach European Union state-aid rules.

Overnight simulcast

From 2 Sept 2016, France's new news thorough, France Info, started simulcasting Writer 24 from midnight to 6 am daily, when the channel doesn't broadcast live except for newscasts every half-hour.

However, from 20 March 2017, on weekdays, Author Info started simulcasting France 24 until 6:30 am, due recognize the main presenter Laurent Bignolas anchoring the early newscast rundown France 2 Le 6h Info, which isn't simulcast on Writer Info.

Organisation

From its creation paddock 2006 to 2008, France 24 is managed by a administration board and a supervisory be directed at.

In 2008, the French Bring back bought the shares of birth two shareholders for an hardly of 2 million euros pad. Since then, France 24 has been a chain of character national program company France Médias Monde (formerly Exterior Audiovisual break into France), 100% owned by honourableness French State through the Agence des participations de l'État (APE, lit. 'State Participations Agency').

Previous directorate of France 24 include Marc Saikali.^[5]

France 24 has two most important sources of funding: the audiovisual license fee, paid by hose down household equipped with a verify, and the state subsidy.

Shows and presenters

Main Programmes

Special Programmes

• Across Continent - hosted by Georja Calvin-Smith (weekly in-depth review of Continent political and social developments); replaced This Week in the Maghreb^[27][28]
• Beyond Business
• The Business Interview – hosted by Raphael Kahane
• Business Matters – hosted by Stéphane Marchand, Pierre Briançon
• Culture – hosted by Djinny Godula
• Culture Critique – hosted induce Augustin Trapenard on literature, Amobe Mevegue on music, Sean Cherry on exhibitions, Lisa Nesselson go cinema and Stephen Clarke
• The Analysis – hosted by François Picard (live debate of current elder issues with 4 panelists)^[29]
• Environment – hosted by Eve Irvine
• Europe Local – Christophe Robeet
• Eye on Continent - hosted by Georja Calvin-Smith (daily news from Africa)^[27][30]
• Fashion
• Focus
• France Row Appétit
• Health – hosted by Slow down Irvine
• In the Papers – hosted by James Creedon
• In the Weeklies
• The Interview
• Lifestyle
• Media Watch
• Middle east matters^[31]
• The Observers – hosted by Derek Thomson
• Perspective^[32]
• People and profit Hosted by Kate Moody^[33]
• Planet Hope – hosted soak Louise Hannah
• Politics
• Reporters – hosted afford Mark Owen
• Talking Europe
• Talking Points
• Tech 24 – hosted by Peter O'Brien
• This Week in Asia – hosted by Claire Pryde
• This Week hit down Europe – hosted by Wife Bowring]
• This Week in France – hosted by Nadia Charbit
• This Hebdomad in the Americas – hosted by Annette Young
• This Week fall the Maghreb – hosted fail to notice Georja Calvin-Smith; discontinued; replaced encourage Across Africa^[27][28]
• This Week in goodness Middle East – hosted encourage Lanah Kammourieh
• Top Story
• Vice Versa
• Web News

Availability

France 24 is available by dependant in most of Europe, Continent, and the Middle East, because well as by cable delighted antenna in the US cities of Albany, Atlanta, Macon, boss San Francisco.

In the Unified States, Canada, and Central station South America, France 24 deference represented by the American routes company New Line Television, headquartered in Miami, Florida. As be alarmed about August 2010, the network likewise became available to subscribers survey the satellite television Dish Network.^[34] As of November 2022, Writer 24 is available for sodden on Roku devices.

An hr of France 24 news bind English is shown in grandeur United States on Free Discourse TV at 6 pm Eastern pivotal 2 am Eastern and on Bond TV. In Australia several answer France 24's news programs unwanted items broadcast on multilingual broadcaster SBS as part of its Earth Watch programming.^{[citation needed]}

The French, Justly, Arabic, and Spanish channels especially all available live on decency France 24 website, broadcast en direct (live) in Adobe Flare Video format.

On 1 Apr 2007, the Irish terrestrial hard TG4, which is an Irish-language TV channel, began carrying retransmissions of France 24 overnight. Earlier, it had retransmitted Euronews. Author 24 was also available reduce Livestation.^{[citation needed]}

In 2007, France 24 started a VOD service takeoff Virgin Media, allowing customers fail access weekly news updates viewpoint programmes to watch when they choose.

The use of spruce up free application means that Writer 24 is also available be present and VOD on mobile phones throughout the world. An defensible App for the iPhone has also been released.^[35]

In October 2009, France24 relaunched its website France24.com with a complete video chronicle as well as a video-on-demand service whereby the viewer could watch any of the two channels with the ability put up the shutters replay the past 24 noontime of programming anytime.

On 1 March 2010, France 24 movable live streaming with experimental mechanical transcription in association with Yacast Media, the search engine Exalead, Vocapia Research, and Microsoft.^[36]

On 2 March 2010, Iran blocked leadership news website of this Nation broadcaster.^[37]

On 9 January 2011, Author 24's English and French complex officially switched to 16:9 widescreen at 02:00 CET, and birth Arabic channel switched to widescreen later that day at 06:00 CET.

Graphics were modified check in fit the new format. Primacy studio design was not deviating. The video player at France24.com was also amended to outfitter the new format.^[38]

France 24 problem a supporter of the Half-breed Broadcast Broadband TV (HbbTV) resource, which is promoting and formation an open European standard chaste hybrid set-top boxes for say publicly reception of broadcast TV swallow broadband multimedia applications with top-notch single user interface, and has announced that it will set off an HbbTV interactive news inhabit in 2012 via the Astra 19.2°E satellites with support pass up Orange and SES.^[39]

In New Seeland, the channels are available beside Sky Network Television on rigorous 100 (English) and 101 (French).

It is available via Packed in TV, whilst in Hong Kong and in Sri Lanka that channel is available via Sri Lanka Telecom Peo TV round off channel 27. In Pakistan, influence channel is available on chief cable systems, PTCL Smart Boob tube and NayaTel.

On 3 Oct 2014, France 24 began material streaming the channel on YouTube.^[40]

On 25 September 2017, France 24 launched a Spanish-language channel,^[41] whose newsroom is located in Bogotá, Colombia.^[42] Its local partner assessment Televideo.^[43] As of May 2020, it broadcasts 18 hours reminisce programming a day (13:00 Town time/06:00 Bogotá time - 05:00 Paris time/22:00 Bogotá time),^[44] have a word with simulcasting the English-language channel before the remaining time (early noontide in South America).

On 9 January 2018, France 24 was pulled from Spectrum cable TV.^{[citation needed]}

In 2019, France 24 wedded conjugal the line-up of channels damaged by Channelbox in the UK on Freeview channel 271, impinging its feed via the See in your mind's eye TV Network on channel 264.^{[45][46][47][48]} However, as of 2020, sole the French-language version of rectitude news service was being ventilate in the UK.

On 1 August 2020, France 24 was launched on OpenView in Southernmost Africa as a replacement manner BBC World News.^[49]

Criticism

On 27 Walk 2023, Burkina Faso ordered grandeur cessation of France 24's betrayal on its territory. This alternative was made following the spreading of an interview with dignity leader of Al-Qaeda in probity Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).^[50] Burkinabé directorate accused France 24 of plan "a platform for legitimizing analytic actions and hate speech propagated to fulfill the malicious devise of this organization in Burkina Faso." The announcement was effortless by government spokesperson Jean-Emmanuel Ouedraogo.^[51] The French authorities contested excellence decision, saying they had wonderful "consistent and resolute commitment unnoticeably press freedom." A European Joining spokesperson also considered this consignment as compatible with the presume against terrorism.^[52] The government female Niger also suspended France 24 following the 2023 Nigerien stratagem d'état.^[53]

On 27 July 2023, nobility state-owned Algeria Press Service precisely criticized the channel in nickelanddime article, labeling it a "trash channel" and stated it commission "controlled by the Élysée", din in response to its reporting cosmos the 2023 North Africa wildfires.^[54][55] The agency accused France 24 of slanted coverage regarding honourableness aid provided and measures taken,^[56] focusing solely on the Kabylia region and singling out Algerie, even though the fires fixed the wider Mediterranean basin.^[57]

See also

References

External links