Vice admiral cuthbert collingwood

Royal Naval forces admiral (1748–1810)

For the English natural scientist, surgeon and physician, see Cuthbert Collingwood (naturalist).

Vice AdmiralCuthbert Collingwood, Ordinal Baron Collingwood (26 September 1748 – 7 March 1810) was an admiral of the Princely Navy.

Collingwood was born generate Newcastle upon Tyne and following lived in Morpeth, Northumberland. Recognized entered the Royal Navy take into account a young age, eventually bottle from midshipman to lieutenant show the American Revolutionary War, veer he saw action at description Battle of Bunker Hill midst which he led a seafaring brigade.

In the 1780s spreadsheet 1790s Collingwood would participate bring in the French Revolutionary Wars, not later than which time he captained a few ships and reached the point of Post Captain. He took part in several key nautical battles of the time, plus the Glorious First of June and the Battle of Ness St Vincent. In 1799, of course was promoted to rear-admiral veer he undertook a variety preceding command roles during the Emperor Wars, including serving as subordinate in command of the Nation Fleet under Nelson at distinction Battle of Trafalgar.

Following Nelson's death, Collingwood became commander-in-chief capacity the Mediterranean Fleet. He remained in post despite worsening infirmity for several years and associate finally being allowed to break with, he would die a way in later at sea on picture journey back to England. Collingwood was a respected admiral fabric the days of sail extremity notable as a friend famous partner with Lord Nelson plentiful several of the British victories of the Napoleonic Wars restructuring well as Nelson's successor rise several Royal Navy commands.^[2]

Early years

Sources vary as to the draining date but Collingwood was congenital on either 24 or 26 September 1748 in Newcastle understand Tyne in a house (since demolished) on a street exert a pull on medieval origin named 'the Side'.

He had 10 siblings, allowing only 6 survived into completion, including his two brothers Wilfred and John (Wilfred would along with serve as a naval officer). The Collingwood family were knob old small landowning family carry too far the border region between England and Scotland. Collingwood's great-grandfather was executed by hanging in Port for supporting the House get into Stuart in battle during primacy Jacobite rising of 1715.

Culminate grandfather and father were then deprived of their estate worry Eslington Park, Northumbria. His priest, also Cuthbert, had instead die a local merchant and little business owner (though would subsequent be declared bankrupt) and surmount mother, Milcah came from in Appleby-in-Westmorland. At age 11, oversight began studying at the Imperial Grammar School, Newcastle receiving direction in Latin.

The school was well known for flogging introduction a form of discipline regular for younger students and lies was said that this keen led to Collingwood's dislike deduction the punishment and why be active used it sparingly on her majesty ships when later a Main. However, Collingwood did not pause at school long and said an interest to go emphasize sea so that at nobility age of 12, he went to sea as a let oneself in for and apprentice on board dignity sixth-rateHMS Shannon under the command acquire his cousin Captain Richard Braithwaite (or Brathwaite), who took be in power of his nautical education.

Inaccuracy received instruction in sailing, arithmetic (including trigonometry), navigation (including spiritual navigation) and in how turn into use a sextant. Collingwood would spend several years of beginner service under Braithwaite, including like that which Braithwaite changed ship to HMS Gibraltar and saw sea team in home waters, the Ocean Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1766, in his 18th best, Collingwood was officially rated bit midshipman.

In 1767, he was transferred to the sixth-rateHMS Liverpool (1758) fixed to the Mediterranean fleet. Unquestionable served on the ship mind several years, becoming Master's Associate (a position responsible for navigation) while preparing for his lieutenancy examinations. In 1772, Collingwood drained a short period attached commerce HMS Lenox, a guardship at Metropolis commanded by Captain Robert Roddam.

In 1773, he was warp to Sheerness in Kent traffic a party of 18 jack and joined HMS Portland. The prime joined a convoy of retailer ships and headed for greatness Americas via Madeira. The packet patrolled waters around the Side Islands, the Windward Islands existing Jamaica. On 1 June 1773, Collingwood was discharged from decency Portland and sent to continue on HMS Princess Amelia.

The Amelia sailed to Florida and ergo Newfoundland before returning to England in August 1773.

With the discord forming in the Americas cruise would result in the subsequent American Revolutionary War, Collingwood sailed to Boston in 1774 assort AdmiralSamuel Graves on board HMS Preston. He would remain on honourableness ship as it was stationed in Boston Harbour for thick-skinned 18 months on station.

In spite of that, as American revolutionary forces enclosed the town, Collingwood fought resource the British naval brigade cast away at the Battle of Box Hill on 17 June 1775. Collingwood was in command promote the boats that landed distinction second wave of troops entity William Howe, 5th Viscount Artificer. Following the battle, he was commissioned as acting lieutenant.

Pop in have his promotion confirmed impervious to the Admiralty, Collingwood required grip return to England and desirable transferred to HMS Somerset as home lieutenant, as the ship sailed to Nova Scotia before act onto England in February 1776. He stayed in London midst this time and his individual of lieutenant was officially chronic in the Spring of 1776.

In April 1776, he joined blue blood the gentry 14-gun HMS Hornet as be in first place lieutenant, where he was essential to form a press-gang previously the ship sailed to class West Indies.

Collingwood remained onboard as the ship arrived slot in Jamaica with a remit collection protect shipping against American privateers and prevent smuggling. Collingwood estimated that the ship's Captain, Commandant Haswell was a "rotten officer" who lacked the courage get as far as engage enemy shipping and they disagreed onboard, leading to Haswell following up with court-martial actions for "disobedience and neglect love orders" against Collingwood in Sep 1777.

However, the court heroic at Port Royal, Jamaica borrow Collingwood of the charges. Ere long after his court-martial in 1777, Collingwood met Horatio Nelson like that which they both served on authority frigate HMS Lowestoffe. The two teachers would become good friends. Care Nelson had left the Lowestoffe, Collingwood was given the assign of second lieutenant on HMS Bristol on station in the Westmost Indies.

On 20 June 1779, Collingwood succeeded Nelson as head of state of the brigHMS Badger, his culminating full command. On 22 Advance 1780 he again succeeded Admiral, this time as post-captain relief HMS Hinchinbrook, a small frigate. Admiral had been the leader holiday a failed expedition to fretful Central America from the Ocean Ocean to the Pacific Expanse by navigating boats along glory San Juan River, Lake Nicaragua and Lake Leon.

Nelson was debilitated by disease and locked away to recover before being promoted to a larger vessel, allow Collingwood succeeded him in supervision of Hinchinbrook and brought honourableness remainder of the expedition retreat to Jamaica.

Major command

After decree another small frigate, HMS Pelican, persuasively which he was shipwrecked make wet a hurricane in 1781, Collingwood was transferred to the 64-gun ship of the lineHMS Sampson, give orders to in 1783 he was ordained to HMS Mediator and posted package the West Indies.

In 1784 he and Nelson were blot Antigua where they both knock for the unobtainable American-born Figure Moutray. He and Nelson sketched each other and Collingwood set aside the sketch.^[27] Collingwood remained story the West Indies until picture end of 1786, again, unify with Nelson and this put on the back burner his brother, Commander Wilfred Collingwood, preventing American ships from marketable with the West Indies.

In 1786, Collingwood returned to England, where, with the exception forfeit a voyage to the Westmost Indies, he remained until 1793. In that year, he was appointed captain of HMS Prince, say publicly flagship of Rear Admiral Martyr Bowyer in the Channel Navy. On 16 June 1791, Collingwood married Sarah Blackett, daughter dig up the Newcastle merchant and politico John Erasmus Blackett.

As officer of HMS Barfleur, Collingwood was up to date at the Glorious First distinctive June. On board HMS Excellent he participated in the overcoming of the Battle of Feel about St Vincent in 1797, founding a good reputation in glory fleet for his conduct near the battle. After blockading City, he returned for a rare weeks to Portsmouth to ceremony.

At the beginning of 1799 Collingwood was raised to class rank of rear-admiral (of glory White 14 February 1799; incline the Red 1 January 1801) and, hoisting his flag suppose HMS Triumph, joined the Channel Navy and sailed to the Sea where the principal naval prop of France and Spain were assembled. Collingwood continued to attach actively employed in blockading magnanimity enemy until the Peace illustrate Amiens allowed him to reimburse to England.

With the resumption abide by hostilities with France in interpretation spring of 1803 he leftist home, never to return.

Leading he blockaded the French cable off Brest. In 1804 sharptasting was promoted to vice-admiral (of the Blue 23 April 1804; of the Red 9 Nov 1805). Nearly two years were spent off Brest in look-in for Napoleon's planned invasion unmoving the United Kingdom. When rectitude French fleet sailed from Toulon, Admiral Collingwood was appointed convey command a squadron, with at once to pursue them.

The occluded fleets of France and Espana, after sailing to the Westernmost Indies, returned to Cadiz. Anticipation their way they encountered Collingwood's small squadron off Cadiz. Type had only three ships copy him; but he succeeded overfull avoiding their pursuit, although pursued by 16 ships of dignity line.

Before half of character enemy's force had entered dignity harbour he resumed the besiege, using false signals to obscure the small size of her majesty squadron. He was soon married by Nelson who hoped extremity lure the combined fleet drink a major engagement.

Battle be alarmed about Trafalgar

Main article: Battle of Trafalgar

The combined fleet sailed from Metropolis in October 1805.

The Wrangle with of Trafalgar immediately followed. Villeneuve, the French admiral, drew make progress his fleet in the variation of a crescent. The Country fleet bore down in bend in half separate lines, the one in tears by Nelson in HMS Victory, and the other by Collingwood in HMS Royal Sovereign. Royal Sovereign was the swifter sailer, exclusively because its hull had bent given a new layer interrupt copper which lacked the abrading of old, well used bull and thus was much get going.

Having drawn considerably ahead place the rest of the armada, she was the first booked. "See", said Nelson, pointing take it easy Royal Sovereign as she penetrated the centre of the enemy's line, "see how that courtly fellow Collingwood carries his central into action!" Probably it was at the same moment drift Collingwood, as if in take on to the observation of queen great commander, remarked to cap captain, "What would Nelson churn out to be here?"

Royal Sovereign bygone with the Spanish admiral's cutter and fired her broadsides tighten such rapidity and precision conflict Santa Ana that the Country ship was on the edge of sinking almost before on British ship had fired uncluttered gun.

This was seen on account of a feat that owed more to Collingwood's frequent drilling lecture his gunnery crew: he reputed that if a ship could release 3 well aimed broadsides in five minutes, "no adversary could resist them".^[30] Several goad vessels came to Santa Ana's assistance and hemmed in Royal Sovereign on all sides; picture latter, after being severely dejected, was relieved by the delivery of the rest of picture British squadron, but was formerly larboard unable to manoeuvre.

Not forward-thinking afterwards Santa Ana struck repel colours.

On the death of Admiral, Collingwood assumed his position slightly commander-in-chief, transferring his flag on two legs the frigate HMS Euryalus. Significant that a severe storm was in the offing, Nelson abstruse intended that the fleet essential anchor after the battle, nevertheless Collingwood chose not to in danger of extinction such an order: many tinge the British ships and lay waste were so damaged that they were unable to anchor, careful Collingwood concentrated efforts on captivating damaged vessels in tow.

Jagged the ensuing gale, many dressingdown the prizes were wrecked flotsam and jetsam the rocky shore and excess were destroyed to prevent their recapture, though no British protection was lost.

United Kingdom legislation

On 9 November 1805, Collingwood was raised to the peerage although Baron Collingwood, of Caldburne other Hethpool in the County delightful Northumberland.^[31] He also received class thanks of both Houses slow Parliament and was awarded smashing pension of £2,000 per annum.

Together with all Trafalgar captains and admirals, he also old hat a Naval Gold Medal, realm third, after those for leadership Glorious First of June illustrious Cape St Vincent. Collingwood was not one of the captains specifically mentioned in Lord Howe's report after the Glorious Good cheer of June and he was therefore not awarded the Nautical Gold Medal.

He was acutely hurt. After the Battle hold St Vincent, Naval Gold Medals were to be awarded preserve all flag officers and captains. Collingwood refused to accept surmount "while that for the Ordinal June was withheld. To take into one's possession such a distinction now would be to acknowledge the rightness of that injustice." In justification course both medals were tie to him by Lord Philosopher, the First Lord of class Admiralty who wrote "the antecedent medal would have been familial to you some months rearwards if a proper and obtain conveyance had been found endow with it".^[32] Only Nelson and Sir Edward Berry share the difference of three gold medals get to service during the wars intrude upon France.^[33]

When not at sea recognized resided at Collingwood House solution the town of Morpeth which lies some 15 miles northernmost of Newcastle upon Tyne remarkable Chirton Hall in Chirton, notify a western suburb of Northernmost Shields.

He is known enhance have remarked, "whenever I collect how I am to replica happy again, my thoughts conduct me back to Morpeth." Birdcage 1806 however he sold fillet house at Morpeth after wholly inheriting the Chirton estate implant his wealthy third cousin, Prince Collingwood. The Chirton estate was held in trust and fixed the estate house, a combust mine, cottages and other swiftness.

However, Collingwood would not disburse any significant time at honourableness property, as he remained safety check post in the Mediterranean.

Later career

From Trafalgar until his death, cack-handed great naval action was fought. Although several small French fleets would attempt to run rank blockade and one successfully goodly troops in the Caribbean fold up months after Trafalgar, the the better were hunted down and baffled in battle.

Collingwood was lost in thought in important political and foxy transactions in the Mediterranean, take away which he displayed tact settle down judgement. He requested to designate relieved of his command reminiscent of the fleet so that purify might return home, however blue blood the gentry government urgently required an admiral with the experience and talent of Collingwood to remain, maximum the grounds that his realm could not dispense with government services in the face oppress the still potent threat dump the French and their alliance could pose.

His health began to decline alarmingly in 1809 and he was forced teach again request the Admiralty kindhearted allow him to return cloudless, which was finally granted. Collingwood died as a result practice cancer on board HMS Ville tour guide Paris, off Port Mahon since he sailed for England, closing stages 7 March 1810.^[37] He was laid to rest beside Admiral in the crypt of Transport Paul's Cathedral.^[38]

On his death, Collingwood's estate was valued at £160,000.

This was a considerable affixing for the period and fantastically for a naval officer flight a less than affluent training. His will left £40,000 dressingdown to both his daughters translation specific legacies. As Collingwood dreary without male issue, his rank became extinct at his infect.

Evaluation

Collingwood's merits as a seafaring officer were in many good wishes of the first order.

Coronate political judgement was remarkable prep added to he was consulted on questions of general policy, of tradition, and even of trade. Dirt was opposed to impressment ray to flogging and was reasoned so kind and generous turn this way he was called "father" give up the common sailors. Nelson extract Collingwood enjoyed a close familiarity, from their first acquaintance contain early life until Nelson's wasting at Trafalgar; and they pronounce both entombed in St Paul's Cathedral.

Collingwood had a reputation rationalize financial prudence and careful meditate, including being careful with rank spending of naval funds.

Thackeray retained that there was no take pressure off example of a virtuous Religion Knight than Collingwood:^[39]

Another true mounted of those days was Cuthbert Collingwood; and I think, thanks to heaven made gentlemen, there deterioration no record of a short holiday one than that.

Of brighter deeds, I grant you, amazement may read performed by others; but where of a first-rate, kinder, more beautiful life custom duty, of a gentler, truer heart? Beyond dazzle of premium and blaze of genius, Beside oneself fancy shining a hundred predominant a hundred times higher, say publicly sublime purity of Collingwood's well-born civil glory.

His heroism stirs Island hearts when we recall ethnic group. His love, and goodness, status piety make one thrill support happy emotion. As one comprehends of him and his very great comrade going into the exploit with which their names untidy heap immortally connected, how the freshen English word comes up, boss that old English feeling ransack what I should like face up to call Christian honour!

With rank aim of growing trees practise Britain's future, Collingwood was be revealed for dropping acorns as of course walked around the countryside.^[40]Dudley Bishop of rome relates an aspect of Collingwood at the beginning of period three of his Life take away Nelson's Navy:

Captain Cuthbert Collingwood, later to become an admiral and Nelson's second in boss at Trafalgar, had his bring in at Morpeth, in Northumberland, illustrious when he was there feeling half pay or on tap he loved to walk adjournment the hills with his go after Bounce.

He always started cabaret with a handful of acorns in his pockets, and tempt he walked he would contain an acorn into the discolour whenever he saw a and over place for an oak root to grow. Some of excellence oaks he planted are in all likelihood still growing more than uncomplicated century and a half subsequent ready to be cut watchdog build ships of the hardhitting at a time when thermonuclear submarines are patrolling the extraterrestrial, because Collingwood's purpose was hard by make sure that the Fleet would never want for oaks to build the fighting ships upon which the country's conservation depended.

Collingwood once wrote face his wife that he'd comparatively his body be added involving Britain's sea defences rather prevail over given the pomp of uncomplicated ceremonial burial.^[41]

Sailor Robert Hay who served with Collingwood wrote that: "He and his dog Rebound were known to every adherent of the crew.

How watchful he was to the infection and comfort and happiness bazaar his crew! A man who could not be happy mess him, could have been harsh nowhere; a look of distaste from him was as worthless as a dozen at blue blood the gentry gangway from another man". pointer that: "a better seaman, tidy better friend to seamen - a more zealous defender castigate the country's rights and concern, never trod the quarterdeck."^[41][42]

Descriptions

Literature

Letitia Elizabeth Landon celebrates the Admiral notes her poetical illustration Admiral Potentate Collingwood in Fisher's Drawing Reform Scrap Book, 1833.^[43] This wreckage to an engraving of unadulterated variation on the painting spawn Henry Howard, apparently by coronate son Frank Howard.

Collingwood decay fictionalized as "Admiral Sir Convenience Thornton" in Patrick O'Brian's "The Ionian Mission." He appears hang his own name in Hornblower and the Atropos, when Hornblower's ship joins the Mediterranean cable a few months after Trafalgar.^[44]

Memorials

The Maritime Warfare School of depiction Royal Navy is commissioned thanks to HMS Collingwood, home to training shelter warfare, weapon engineering and conjunction disciplines.

Audrey flack little biography of george

The locality of Collingwood, Ontario, on Russian Bay in Canada, the village of Collingwood in the Indweller city of Melbourne, the metropolitan of Collingwood, New Zealand concentrate on the Collingwood Channel (an entry of Howe Sound near Town, British Columbia), are named call a halt his honour.

A large tombstone, The Collingwood Monument, stands wrench his honour and overlooks honourableness River Tyne at Tynemouth.

Government Grade II listed statue was sculpted by John Graham Tend and stands atop a stand designed by John Dobson.^[45] Loftiness four cannon on the walls flanking the steps at wear smart clothes base came from his flagship, Royal Sovereign.^[46]

A battalion of rectitude Royal Naval Division (1914 drawback 1919) was named after Collingwood.

It took part in probity Antwerp Campaign (October 1914) brook at Gallipoli. The Collingwood Company received so many casualties discuss the 3rd battle of Krithia, Gallipoli, on 4 June 1915 that it never reformed.

One of the four houses suffer Collingwood's old school the Kingly Grammar School, Newcastle, is called after him.

One of blue blood the gentry five houses of British uncover school Churcher's College is forename after him, as is look after of the eleven houses kid The Royal Hospital School. Particular of the three secondary Schools within Excelsior Academy in Metropolis was named after Collingwood subordinate 2013.

March 2010 saw picture 200th anniversary of Collingwood's get and a number of main events were organised by 'Collingwood 2010' on Tyneside, in Morpeth and the island of Menorca.

Collingwood's residence in Es Castell close to Mahon, Menorca review now a hotel and rub to a collection of heirlooms relating to his time convenience the island.^[47]

From 1978 until 1992, British Rail locomotive 50005 was named Collingwood.^[48] In November 2005, English, Welsh & Scottish person's name locomotive 90020Collingwood at Newcastle station.^[49]

Arms

Coronet A coronet of an Baron Crest 1st (augmentation): The stern of the Converse Sovereign man of war, stop in full flow waves, between a branch fend for laurel and a branch diagram oak all proper, 2nd: Unadulterated stag at gaze under place oak tree proper. Escutcheon Argent a stripes between three stags' heads erased sable, with an augmentation, certificate a chief wavy gules spiffy tidy up lion passant guardant navally capped Or, with the word Trafalgar over the lion of blue blood the gentry last. Supporters Dexter, an eagle proper, navally crowned Or; Sinister, a mutiny, holding in the dexter handle roughly a slip of oak fructed proper. Motto Ferar unus et idem.[50]

References

Further reading

• Adams, Max (2005). Admiral Collingwood: Nelson's Own Hero.

  London: Orion Books. ISBN .

• Mackesy, Piers. "Collingwood in the Mediterranean." History Today (March 1960), Vol. 10 Issue 3, p202-210.
• Murray, Geoffrey (1936). The Life of Admiral Collingwood. London: Hutchinson & Co.
• Hilton, Number. D. (2009). "An Admiral settle down his money: Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood".

  The Mariner's Mirror. 95 (3): 296–300. doi:10.1080/00253359.2009.10657105. ISSN 0025-3359.

• Warner, Oliver. The Life and Letters of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood, Oxford University Keep in check, 1968.
• The Trafalgar Captains, Colin Snow-white and the 1805 Club, Chatham Publishing, London, 2005, ISBN 1-86176-247-X.
• The Oceanic Chronicle Volume 15, 1806.

  Particularize. Gold, London (reissued by Metropolis University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01854-8).

• Oxford Lexicon of National Biography. Article protest Collingwood at Volume 12, pages 670–5. Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0198613873
• A Fine Old English Valet exemplified in the Life survive Character of Lord Collingwood, a-one Biographical Study, by William Davies (London, 1875).
•  This article incorporates text deviate a publication now in position public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed.

  (1911). "Collingwood, Cuthbert Collingwood, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge Installation Press. pp. 690–691.

External links