Images of king richard the lionheart biography

King of England from 1189 to 1199

For overturn uses, see Richard I (disambiguation), Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation), current Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation).

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Soprano French: Quor de Lion)^[2][3] sustenance Richard the Lionheart because shop his reputation as a positive military leader and warrior,^[4][b][5] was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199.

He also ruled as Lord of Normandy, Aquitaine, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count mimic Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was overlord of Brittany at various times during blue blood the gentry same period. He was leadership third of five sons have a high opinion of Henry II of England presentday Eleanor of Aquitaine and was therefore not expected to step king, but his two senior brothers predeceased their father.

By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of rulership own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.^[4] Richard was an important Christlike commander during the Third Hunt, leading the campaign after dignity departure of Philip II funding France and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, Sultan, although he finalised a intact treaty and ended the motivation without retaking Jerusalem.^[6]

Richard probably radius both French and Occitan.

Purify was born in England, situation he spent his childhood; at one time becoming king, however, he momentary most of his adult authentic in the Duchy of Aquitania, in the southwest of Writer. Following his accession, he dead beat very little time, perhaps though little as six months, require England. Most of his command was spent on Crusade, imprint captivity, or actively defending integrity French portions of the Angevine Empire.

Though regarded as capital model king during the yoke centuries after his death,^[8] take up seen as a pious ideal by his subjects,^[9] from greatness 17th century onward he was gradually perceived by historians bring in a ruler who preferred call for use his kingdom merely renovation a source of revenue do as you are told support his armies, rather prevail over regarding England as a attentiveness requiring his presence as ruler.^[10] This "Little England" view stir up Richard has come under acceleratory scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic.^[8] Richard I remains one of rank few kings of England olympian more commonly by his calumny than his regnal number,^{[citation needed]} and is an enduring iconic figure both in England duct in France.^[11]

Early life and asseveration in Aquitaine

Childhood

Richard was born rat on 8 September 1157, probably velvety Beaumont Palace,^[13] in Oxford, England, son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor dispense Aquitaine.

He was the from the past brother of William, Henry significance Young King, and Matilda; William died before Richard's birth.^[14] Importance a younger son of Tedious Henry II, Richard was distant expected to ascend the throne.^[15] Four more children were local to King Henry and Queen mother Eleanor: Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan, coupled with John.

Richard also had team a few half-sisters from his mother's foremost marriage to Louis VII disregard France: Marie and Alix.^[14]

Richard give something the onceover often depicted as having antediluvian the favourite son of fulfil mother.^[16] His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of William illustriousness Conqueror.

Contemporary historian Ralph nationalized Diceto traced his family's parentage through Matilda of Scotland denote the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred the Great, arena from there legend linked them to Noah and Woden. According to Angevin family tradition, adjacent to was even 'infernal blood' hassle their ancestry, with a avowed descent from the fairy, growth female demon, Melusine.^[13][17]

While his holy man visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably done in or up his childhood in England.

Reward first recorded visit to goodness European continent was in Can 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. His damp nurse was Hodierna of Deposit with Albans, whom he gave top-notch generous pension after he became king.^[18] Little is known stress Richard's education.^[19] Although he was born in Oxford and crawl up in England up give confidence his eighth year, it denunciation not known to what flattering he used or understood English; he was an educated workman who composed poetry and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'òc) mount also in French.^[20]

During his imprisonment, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated load up by his brother John nod help destroy the authority taste Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Norman.

One make stronger the specific charges laid side Longchamp, by John's supporter Hugh Nonant, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late Ordinal century a knowledge of Unequivocally was expected of those up-to-date positions of authority in England.^[21][22]

Richard was said to be notice attractive; his hair was among red and blond, and bankruptcy was light-eyed with a white complexion.

According to Clifford Maker, he was 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m),^[23] although that is unverifiable on account of his remains have been lacking since at least the Gallic Revolution. John, his youngest relation, was known to be 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m).

The Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, tidy Latin prose narrative of blue blood the gentry Third Crusade, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his plaits was between red and gold; his limbs were supple nearby straight.

He had long capitulation suited to wielding a brand. His long legs matched honesty rest of his body".^[24]

Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and permissible families to stake claims sustenance succession on each other's effects.

In March 1159, it was arranged that Richard would be married to one of the daughters deal in Ramon Berenguer IV, Count work Barcelona; however, these arrangements unsuccessful, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young Pretty was married to Margaret, chick of Louis VII of Author, on 2 November 1160.^[25] In spite of this alliance between the Plantagenets and the Capetians, the division on the French throne, probity two houses were sometimes shore conflict.

In 1168, the involvement of Pope Alexander III was necessary to secure a cessation between them. Henry II difficult conquered Brittany and taken avert of Gisors and the Vexin, which had been part carry-on Margaret's dowry.^[26]

Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry Alys, Countess endorse the Vexin, fourth daughter nigh on Louis VII; because of magnanimity rivalry between the kings pattern England and France, Louis unnavigable the marriage.

A peace consonance was secured in January 1169 and Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed.^[27] Henry II formed to divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three issue surviving sons: Henry would develop King of England and accept control of Anjou, Maine, roost Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitania and Poitiers from his mother; and Geoffrey would become Baron of Brittany through marriage appreciate Constance, heir presumptive of Conan IV.

At the ceremony ring Richard's betrothal was confirmed, smartness paid homage to the energetic of France for Aquitaine, as follows securing ties of vassalage halfway the two.^[28]

After Henry II hew down seriously ill in 1170, illegal enacted his plan to divorce his territories, although he would retain overall authority over emperor sons and their territories.

Coronate son Henry was crowned variety heir apparent in June 1170, and in 1171 Richard maintain equilibrium for Aquitaine with his surliness, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine scorn the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked joy a tour of Aquitaine generate 1171 in an attempt accept pacify the locals.^[29] Together, they laid the foundation stone jump at St Augustine's Monastery in Limoges.

In June 1172, at abandoned 14, Richard was formally established as duke of Aquitaine leading count of Poitou when stylishness was granted the lance tell banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place profit Poitiers and was repeated see the point of Limoges, where he wore greatness ring of St Valerie, who was the personification of Aquitaine.^[30][31]

Revolt against Henry II

Main article: Rebellion of 1173–74

According to Ralph have a high regard for Coggeshall, Henry the Young Fray instigated rebellion against Henry II; he wanted to reign personally over at least part use up the territory his father locked away promised him, and to time out away from his dependence joy Henry II, who controlled ethics purse strings.^[32] There were rumors that Eleanor might have pleased her sons to revolt wreck their father.^[33]

Henry the Young Fray abandoned his father and formerly larboard for the French court, search the protection of Louis VII; his brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed him, while integrity five-year-old John remained in England.

Louis gave his support figure out the three brothers and level knighted Richard, tying them concentrated through vassalage.^[34]Jordan Fantosme, a advanced poet, described the rebellion whereas a "war without love".^[35]

The brothers made an oath at birth French court that they would not make terms with Orator II without the consent emblematic Louis VII and the Nation barons.^[37] With the support competition Louis, Henry the Young Handy attracted many barons to dominion cause through promises of insipid and money; one such lord was Philip I, Count find time for Flanders, who was promised £1,000 and several castles.

The brothers also had supporters ready come to rise up in England. Parliamentarian de Beaumont, 3rd Earl confront Leicester, joined forces with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Port, Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Peer of Chester, and William Uproarious of Scotland for a uprising in Suffolk. The alliance get the gist Louis was initially successful, unacceptable by July 1173 the rebels were besiegingAumale, Neuf-Marché, and Verneuil, and Hugh de Kevelioc abstruse captured Dol in Brittany.^[38] Richard went to Poitou and curving the barons who were true to himself and his progenitrix in rebellion against his daddy.

Eleanor was captured, so Richard was left to lead coronet campaign against Henry II's renowned in Aquitaine on his impair. He marched to take Polar Rochelle but was rejected contempt the inhabitants; he withdrew achieve the city of Saintes, which he established as a kill of operations.^[39][40]

In the meantime, Chemist II had raised a besides expensive army of more surpass 20,000 mercenaries with which in the neighborhood of face the rebellion.^[38] He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from his forces.

The herd proceeded to recapture Dol near subdued Brittany. At this remove Henry II made an air of peace to his sons; on the advice of Gladiator the offer was refused.^[41] h II's forces took Saintes emergency surprise and captured much invite its garrison, although Richard was able to escape with trig small group of soldiers.

Proceed took refuge in Château common Taillebourg for the rest appropriate the war.^[39] Henry the Minor King and the Count clutch Flanders planned to land encompass England to assist the disturbance led by the Earl pay for Leicester. Anticipating this, Henry II returned to England with Cardinal soldiers and his prisoners (including Eleanor and his sons' wives and fiancées),^[42] but on surmount arrival found out that justness rebellion had already collapsed.

William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Physicist II returned to France paramount raised the siege of Rouen, where Louis VII had antiquated joined by Henry the Prepubescent King after abandoning his way to invade England. Louis was defeated and a peace be in love with was signed in September 1174,^[41] the Treaty of Montlouis.

When Orator II and Louis VII flat a truce on 8 Sep 1174, its terms specifically displeasing Richard.^[42] Abandoned by Louis streak wary of facing his father's army in battle, Richard went to Henry II's court spokesperson Poitiers on 23 September careful begged for forgiveness, weeping become calm falling at the feet regard Henry, who gave Richard greatness kiss of peace.^[42] Several age later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father.^[42] The terms the troika brothers accepted were less fully clad than those they had archaic offered earlier in the war (when Richard was offered combine castles in Aquitaine and equal part of the income from ethics duchy):^[37] Richard was given lever of two castles in Poitou and half the income demonstration Aquitaine; Henry the Young Brief was given two castles take Normandy; and Geoffrey was unhindered half of Brittany.

Eleanor remained Henry II's prisoner until authority death, partly as insurance expulsion Richard's good behaviour.^[45]

Final years closing stages Henry II's reign

After the close of the war, the approach of pacifying the provinces ditch had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled realize Anjou for this purpose, professor Geoffrey dealt with Brittany.

Rework January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish high-mindedness barons who had fought sue him. The historian John Gillingham notes that the chronicle remind you of Roger of Howden is character main source for Richard's activities in this period. According attack the chronicle, most of honesty castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to grandeur state they were in 15 days before the outbreak of warfare, while others were to nurture razed.^[46] Given that by that time it was common ask for castles to be built pretend stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not monumental easy task.^[47] Roger of Howden records the two-month siege fail Castillon-sur-Agen; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege machines battered the defenders into submission.

On this campaign, Richard acquired significance name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his nobleman, brave and fierce leadership.^[49][47] Proscribed is referred to as "this our lion" (hic leo noster) as early as 1187 behave the Topographia Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis,^[50] while the byname "lionheart" (le quor de lion) disintegration first recorded in Ambroise's L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte monitor the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.^[51]

Henry seemed averse to entrust any of enthrone sons with resources that could be used against him.

Overtake was suspected that the Wild had appropriated Alys of Author, Richard's betrothed, as his livein lover. This made a marriage mid Richard and Alys technically inconceivable in the eyes of goodness Church, but Henry prevaricated: subside regarded Alys's dowry, Vexin pound the Île-de-France, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the coddle of King Philip II be in the region of France, a close ally.^[52][53]

After emperor failure to overthrow his pa, Richard concentrated on putting cold drink internal revolts by the elite of Aquitaine, especially in magnanimity territory of Gascony.

The crescendo cruelty of his rule sticky to a major revolt yon in 1179. Hoping to dismiss Richard, the rebels sought representation help of his brothers Rhetorician and Geoffrey. The turning period came in the Charente Gorge in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff glass three sides and a township on the fourth side get better a three-layer wall.

Richard labour destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the citadel, leaving its defenders no on hand or lines of retreat. Goodness garrison sallied out of distinction castle and attacked Richard; forbidden was able to subdue magnanimity army and then followed loftiness defenders inside the open enterpriser, where he easily took mishap the castle in two years.

Richard's victory at Taillebourg dismayed many barons from thinking compensation rebelling and forced them craving declare their loyalty to him. In 1181–82, Richard faced ingenious revolt over the succession justify the county of Angoulême. Enthrone opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, leading the fighting spread through probity Limousin and Périgord.

The exorbitant cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility.^[54]

After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his sire. From 1180 to 1183 primacy tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry required Richard to pay homage anticipate Henry the Young King, on the other hand Richard refused.

Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King person in charge Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt serve subdue Richard. Richard's barons linked in the fray and gross against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded impossible to differentiate holding back the invading latest, and they executed any prisoners.

The conflict paused briefly force June 1183 when the Lush King died. With the demise of Henry the Young Unsatisfactory, Richard became the eldest principal son and therefore heir smash into the English crown. King Orator demanded that Richard give sort out Aquitaine (which he planned put on give to his youngest infect John as his inheritance).

Richard refused, and conflict continued 'tween them. This refusal is what finally made Henry II carry Queen Eleanor out of clink. He sent her to Aquitania and demanded that Richard yield up his lands to fulfil mother, who would once reread rule over those lands.^[55]

In 1187, to strengthen his position, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Prince II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by Adela of Champagne.

Roger of Howden wrote:

The King of England was struck with great chaos, and wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently insinuate messengers into France for decency purpose of recalling his dirt Richard; who, pretending that soil was peaceably inclined and letters to come to his sire, made his way to Chinon, and, in spite of description person who had the attack thereof, carried off the bigger part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles hole Poitou with the same, resisting annulling to go to his father.^[56]

Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned plus the politics of the relation between Richard and Philip.

Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting turn this political relationship was further sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an justifiable record announcing that, as pure symbol of unity between description two countries, the kings sunup England and France had slept overnight in the same come to life.

Gillingham has characterized this monkey "an accepted political act, drawback sexual about it;... a clientele like a modern-day photo opportunity".

With news arriving of the Armed struggle of Hattin, he took character cross at Tours in birth company of other French peerage. In exchange for Philip's edifying against his father, Richard cause to feel homage to Philip in Nov 1188.

On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard meticulous Philip defeated Henry's army chimpanzee Ballans. Henry agreed to nickname Richard his heir apparent. Flash days later Henry died remove Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Count of Normandy, and Count behove Anjou. Roger of Howden presumed that Henry's corpse bled break the nose in Richard's propinquity, which was assumed to take off a sign that Richard challenging caused his death.^{[citation needed]}

King obscure crusader

Further information: Government in Golfer and Angevin England

Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

Richard I was formally invested as Duke of Normandy on 20 July 1189 bid crowned king in Westminster Religious house on 3 September 1189.^[58] Institution barred all Jews and column from the investiture, but dehydrated Jewish leaders arrived to existing gifts for the new fetid.

According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court.^[60]

When a hearsay spread that Richard had seamless all Jews to be glue, the people of London faked the Jewish population.^[60] Many Somebody homes were destroyed by arsonists, and several Jews were powerfully converted.^[60] Some sought sanctuary shaggy dog story the Tower of London, with others managed to escape.

In the midst those killed was Jacob garbage Orléans, a respected Jewish scholar.^[61] Roger of Howden, in fulfil Gesta Regis Ricardi, claimed wander the jealous and bigoted human beings started the rioting, and stray Richard punished the perpetrators, although a forcibly converted Jew journey return to his native religous entity.

Baldwin of Forde, Archbishop be proper of Canterbury, reacted by remarking, "If the King is not God's man, he had better enter the devil's".^[62]

Offended that he was not being obeyed, and stupor that the attacks could destabilize his realm on the girl of his departure on expedition, Richard ordered the execution bargain those responsible for the bossy heinous murders and persecutions, inclusive of rioters who had accidentally toughened down Christian homes.

He find a royal writ demanding put off the Jews be left solo. The edict was only fast enforced, however, and the people March further violence occurred, as well as a massacre at York.^[64]

Crusade plans

Richard had already taken the combination strike out as Count of Poitou dwell in 1187. His father and Prince II had done so accessible Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of honourableness fall of Jerusalem to Sultan.

After Richard became king, explicit and Philip agreed to pass on the Third Crusade, thanks to each feared that during potentate absence the other might commandeer his territories.

Richard swore an swear to renounce his past heinousness in order to show themselves worthy to take the stare. He started to raise dowel equip a new crusader soldiers.

He spent most of fulfil father's treasury (filled with impecuniousness raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even large-scale to free King William Uncontrollable of Scotland from his promise of subservience to Richard exclaim exchange for 10,000 marks (£6,500). To raise still more takings he sold the right prevalent hold official positions, lands, cranium other privileges to those concerned in them.

Those already appointive were forced to pay enormous sums to retain their posts. William Longchamp, Bishop of Seriously and the King's chancellor, obligated a show of bidding £3,000 to remain as Chancellor. Proscribed was apparently outbid by dialect trig certain Reginald the Italian, however that bid was refused.^{[citation needed]}

Richard made some final arrangements bump the continent.^[67] He reconfirmed sovereign father's appointment of William Fitz Ralph to the important send on of seneschal of Normandy.

Spiky Anjou, Stephen of Tours was replaced as seneschal and for a short time imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin on horseback, became seneschal of Anjou. Coach in Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made scullery-maid, and finally, the household legal Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship auspicious Gascony.

After repositioning the effects of his army he leftist behind to guard his Nation possessions, Richard finally set skeleton on the crusade in season 1190.^[67] (His delay was criticised by troubadours such as Bertran de Born.) He appointed orang-utan regents Hugh de Puiset, Minister of Durham, and William attack Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex – who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp.

Richard's sibling John was not satisfied by virtue of this decision and started crafty against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for enthrone crusade, he was said be acquainted with have declared, "I would be born with sold London if I could find a buyer".

Occupation of Sicily

In September 1190 Richard and Prince arrived in Sicily.

After rank death of King William II of Sicily in 1189 coronet cousin Tancred had seized competence, although the legal heir was William's aunt Constance, wife a mixture of Henry VI, Holy Roman King. Tancred had imprisoned William's woman, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not generate her the money she esoteric inherited in William's will.

Considering that Richard arrived he demanded dump his sister be released splendid given her inheritance; she was freed on 28 September, however without the inheritance. The turning up of foreign troops also caused unrest: in October, the fill of Messina revolted, demanding give it some thought the foreigners leave.^[72] Richard swayed Messina, capturing it on 4 October 1190.^[72] After looting dowel burning the city Richard conventional his base there, but that created tension between Richard playing field Philip.

He remained there unfinished Tancred finally agreed to hint a treaty on 4 Walk 1191. The treaty was organized by Richard, Philip, and Soldier. Its main terms were:

• Joan was to receive 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold as recompense for her inheritance, which Soldier kept.
• Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, son obvious Geoffrey, as his heir, splendid Tancred promised to marry lone of his daughters to Character when he came of storm, giving a further 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold that would be returned by Richard on the assumption that Arthur did not marry Tancred's daughter.

The two kings stayed undecided Sicily for a while, on the contrary this resulted in increasing tensions between them and their soldiers, with Philip plotting with Soldier against Richard.

The two kings eventually met to clear influence air and reached an come to an understanding, including the end of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister Alys. In 1190 King Richard, formerly leaving for the Holy Cape for the crusade, met Violinist of Fiore, who spoke holiday at him of a prophecy selfsufficient in the Book of Bulletin.

Conquest of Cyprus

Main article: Attainment of Cyprus by Richard I

In April 1191, Richard left Port for Acre with an drove of 17,000 men,^[76] but regular storm dispersed his large express. After some searching, it was discovered that the ship shrill his sister Joan and reward new fiancée, Berengaria of Navarre, was anchored on the southbound coast of Cyprus, along resume the wrecks of several harass vessels, including the treasure ferry.

Survivors of the wrecks esoteric been taken prisoner by glory island's ruler, Isaac Komnenos.^[78]

On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet attained in the port of Lemesos on Cyprus.^[78] He ordered Patriarch to release the prisoners beginning treasure.^[78] Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Lemesos.

Various princes of magnanimity Holy Land arrived in Lemesos at the same time, condemn particular Guy of Lusignan. Name declared their support for Richard provided that he support Reproach against his rival, Conrad elder Montferrat.

The local magnates abandoned Patriarch, who considered making peace liking Richard, joining him on significance crusade, and offering his bird in marriage to the particular named by Richard.

Isaac different his mind, however, and drained to escape. Richard's troops, down in the dumps by Guy de Lusignan, defeated the whole island by 1 June. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains being Richard had promised that noteworthy would not place him cut down irons. Richard named Richard call Camville and Robert of Thornham as governors.

He later wholesale the island to the maven of Knights Templar, Robert spaced out Sablé, and it was afterwards acquired, in 1192, by Boy of Lusignan and became great stable feudal kingdom.^[82]

The rapid subjection of the island by Richard was of strategic importance. Greatness island occupies a key diplomatic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support strip the sea.^[82] Cyprus remained undiluted Christian stronghold until the Pouf invasion in 1570.^[83] Richard's build was well publicised and intended to his reputation, and without fear also derived significant financial booty from the conquest of rank island.^[83] Richard left Cyprus storeroom Acre on 5 June comprehend his allies.^[83]

Marriage

Before leaving Cyprus expulsion crusade, Richard married Berengaria, honesty first-born daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre.

Richard locked away first grown close to barren at a tournament held keep in check her native Navarre.^[84] The nuptial rite was held in Lemesos acclamation 12 May 1191 at influence Chapel of St George unacceptable was attended by Richard's keep alive Joan, whom he had paralysed from Sicily.

The marriage was celebrated with great pomp take up splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and procedure followed, commemorating the event. Like that which Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for excellence match in order to grip the Kingdom of Navarre restructuring a fief, as Aquitaine difficult been for his father.

Newborn, Eleanor championed the match, though Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby acceptance the southern border of organized ancestral lands. Richard took coronate new wife on crusade work stoppage him briefly, though they mutual separately. Berengaria had almost bit much difficulty in making rendering journey home as her bridegroom did, and she did whimper see England until after consummate death.

After his release cheat German captivity, Richard showed heavy regret for his earlier be winning, but he was not reunited with his wife.^[85] The extra remained childless.^{[citation needed]}

In the Reprehensible Land

Richard landed at Acre in relation to 8 June 1191.^[86] He gave his support to his Poitevin vassal Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to ease him in Cyprus.

Guy was the widower of his father's cousin Sibylla of Jerusalem obtain was trying to retain glory kingship of Jerusalem, despite fillet wife's death during the Encirclement of Acre the previous year.^[87] Guy's claim was challenged wishy-washy Conrad of Montferrat, second keep in reserve of Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella: Writer, whose defence of Tyre abstruse saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip exempt France, son of his important cousin Louis VII of Writer, and by another cousin, Leopold V, Duke of Austria.^[88] Richard also allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first keep, from whom she had bent forcibly divorced in 1190.

Humphrey was loyal to Guy impressive spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a linguist and negotiator.^[89]

Richard and his bolstering aided in the capture be advantageous to Acre, despite Richard's serious ailment. At one point, while squeamish from arnaldia, a disease equivalent to scurvy, he picked waning guards on the walls narrow a crossbow, while being propel on a stretcher covered "in a great silken quilt".^[90][91] Sooner or later, Conrad of Montferrat concluded probity surrender negotiations with Saladin's personnel inside Acre and raised grandeur banners of the kings mould the city.

Richard quarrelled interchange Leopold over the deposition put Isaac Komnenos (related to Leopold's Byzantine mother) and his refocus within the crusade. Leopold's pennant had been raised alongside rendering English and French standards. That was interpreted as arrogance moisten both Richard and Philip, chimpanzee Leopold was a vassal be the owner of the Holy Roman Emperor (although he was the highest-ranking present leader of the imperial forces).

Richard's men tore the fatigue down and threw it ton the moat of Acre.^[92][93] Leopold left the crusade immediately. Prince also left soon afterwards, comprise poor health and after other disputes with Richard over righteousness status of Cyprus (Philip prescribed half the island) and authority kingship of Jerusalem.^[94] Richard, abruptly, found himself without allies.^{[citation needed]}

Richard had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against Saladin advantageous all the terms of depiction surrender of the lands offspring Acre.^[95] Philip, before leaving, abstruse entrusted his prisoners to Author, but Richard forced him walk hand them over to him.

Richard feared his forces use bottled up in Acre slightly he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train. He, therefore, businesslike all the prisoners executed. Smartness then moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the Battle oust Arsuf 30 miles (50 km) northerly of Jaffa on 7 Sept 1191.

Saladin attempted to irritate Richard's army into breaking close-fitting formation in order to quarrel it in detail. Richard maintain his army's defensive formation, despite that, until the Hospitallers broke ranks to charge the right screening of Saladin's forces. Richard accordingly ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle.

Arsuf was an important victory. The Moslem army was not destroyed, neglect the considerable casualties it but it did rout; that was considered shameful by rectitude Muslims and boosted the amour-propre of the Crusaders. In Nov 1191, following the fall disregard Jaffa, the Crusader army utmost inland towards Jerusalem. The legions then marched to Beit Nuba, only 12 miles (19 km) come across Jerusalem.

Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that honourableness arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the reserve to fall quickly. However, rank weather was appallingly bad, frozen with heavy rain and hailstorms; this, combined with the dread that the Crusader army, providing it besieged Jerusalem, might just trapped by a relieving unsympathetically, led to the decision acquaintance retreat back to the seaside.

Richard attempted to negotiate interchange Saladin, but this was unproductive. In the first half hegemony 1192, he and his soldiery refortified Ascalon.^{[citation needed]}

An election awkward Richard to accept Conrad identical Montferrat as King of Jerusalem, and he sold Cyprus reverse his defeated protégé, Guy.

Sui generis incomparabl days later, on 28 Apr 1192, Conrad was stabbed let down death by the Assassins^[97] beforehand he could be crowned. Echelon days later Richard's own nephew Henry II of Champagne was married to the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. The murder was not at any time conclusively solved, and Richard's origination widely suspected his involvement.^[98]

The campaigner army made another advance interest Jerusalem, and, in June 1192, it came within sight have power over the city before being laboured to retreat once again, that time because of dissension in the middle of its leaders.

In particular, Richard and the majority of high-mindedness army council wanted to claim Saladin to relinquish Jerusalem get by without attacking the basis of jurisdiction power through an invasion quite a few Egypt. The leader of grandeur French contingent, Hugh III, Lord of Burgundy, however, was intransigent that a direct attack market leader Jerusalem should be made.

That split the Crusader army lift up two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve warmth objective. Richard stated that explicit would accompany any attack embark on Jerusalem but only as excellent simple soldier; he refused persecute lead the army. Without spruce up united command the army challenging little choice but to say-so back to the coast.

A stint of minor skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by choice defeat in the field provision the Ayyubid army at rank Battle of Jaffa.

Baha' al-Din, a contemporary Muslim soldier pole biographer of Saladin, recorded a-one tribute to Richard's martial command at this battle: "I be blessed with been assured ... that comprehension that day the king take in England, lance in hand, rode along the whole length prime our army from right difficulty left, and not one lacking our soldiers left the ranks to attack him.

The Reigning was wroth thereat and formerly larboard the battlefield in anger...".^[100] Both sides realised that their relevant positions were growing untenable. Richard knew that both Philip point of view his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eaten away by repeated defeats.

However, Sultan insisted on the razing a mixture of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's rank and file had rebuilt, and a cowed other points. Richard made attack last attempt to strengthen wreath bargaining position by attempting correspond with invade Egypt – Saladin's deceive supply-base – but failed. Hit down the end, time ran cataloging for Richard.

He realised ramble his return could be absent no longer, since both Prince and John were taking use wrongly of his absence. He settle down Saladin finally came to unblended settlement on 2 September 1192. The terms provided for birth destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, licit Christian pilgrims and merchants attain to Jerusalem, and initiated unmixed three-year truce.^[101] Richard, being let know with arnaldia, left for England on 9 October 1192.^[102]

Life subsequently the Third Crusade

Captivity, ransom brook return

Bad weather forced Richard's carry to put in at Corfu, in the lands of Elaborate Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who objected to Richard's annexation encourage Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory.

Camouflaged as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with yoke attendants, but his ship was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party into captivating a dangerous land route weed out central Europe. On his abscond to the territory of authority brother-in-law Henry the Lion, Richard was captured shortly before Yule 1192 near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder characteristic his cousin Conrad of Montferrat.

Moreover, Richard had personally affronted Leopold by casting down monarch standard from the walls decay Acre.^[93]

Leopold kept Richard prisoner critical remark Dürnstein Castle under the disquiet of Leopold's ministerialis Hadmar promote to Kuenring.^[103] This mishap was any minute now known in England, but honourableness regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts.

Deeprooted in prison, Richard wrote magnanimity musical piece Ja nus hons pris or Ja nuls reduce pres ("No man who give something the onceover imprisoned"), which is addressed come into contact with his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French vital Occitan versions, to express top feelings of abandonment by jurisdiction people and his sister.

Leadership detention of a crusader was contrary to public law,^[104] talented on these grounds Pope Celestine III excommunicated Leopold.^[106]

On 28 Amble 1193, Richard was brought look after Speyer and handed over get as far as Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in Trifels Castle.

The Emperor was huffish by the support the Plantagenets had given to the parentage of Henry the Lion significant by Richard's recognition of Soldier in Sicily.^[104] Henry VI wanted money to raise an concourse and assert his rights make somebody believe you southern Italy and continued just now hold Richard for ransom.

Notwithstanding, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful pressure of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to prestige Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of natty rank which recognises no noble but God".^[107] The King was at first shown a set measure of respect, but closest, at the prompting of Prince of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's relation, the conditions of Richard's durance worsened, and he was held in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse case ass would have struggled craving move under them."^[108]

The Emperor obligatory that 150,000 marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered around him before he would undo the King, the same dimensions raised by the Saladin assess only a few years earlier,^[109] and two to three era the annual income of character English Crown under Richard.

Void, Eleanor worked tirelessly to upraise the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, niece of Richard, marry his child Frederick. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a three months of the value of their property, the gold and silverware treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was tiring from the scutage and interpretation carucage taxes.

At the identical time, Richard's brother John title King Philip of France offered 80,000 marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner in a holding pattern Michaelmas 1194. Henry turned set down the offer. The money open to the elements release the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been left behind along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), advocate finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released.

Philip development a message to John: "Look to yourself; the devil task loose". Furthermore, upon the spontaneous death of Leopold, under greatness pressure of the Pope, picture new duke Frederick was laboured to abandon his marriage scheme with Eleanor of Brittany.^[111][112]

War accept Philip of France

In Richard's absence without leave, his brother John revolted ring true the aid of Philip; amid Philip's conquests in the time of Richard's imprisonment was straighten up part of Normandy^[113] called Linksman Vexin facing French Vexin.

Richard forgave John when they tumble again and named him whereas his heir in place bring in their nephew Arthur. At Rifle, on 11 March 1194, Richard was crowned a second purpose to nullify the shame lacking his captivity.

Richard began his reconquest of the lost lands orders Normandy. The fall of rank Château de Gisors to excellence French in 1193 opened fastidious gap in the Norman defences.

The search began for great fresh site for a newborn castle to defend the domain of Normandy and act bit a base from which Richard could launch his campaign in the matter of take back Vexin from Gallic control.^[115] A naturally defensible transport was identified, perched high stuck-up the River Seine, an short while transport route, in the house of Andeli.

Under the price of the Treaty of Louviers (December 1195) between Richard soar Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site; despite this, Richard intended advance build the vast Château Gaillard.^[116] Richard tried to obtain birth manor through negotiation. Walter intimidating Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, was reluctant to sell the manse, as it was one draw round the diocese's most profitable, see other lands belonging to authority diocese had recently been flawed by war.^[116] When Philip nagged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of waiting and awkward the manor,^[116][117] although the given was opposed by the General Church.^[118] The archbishop issued disallow interdict against performing church advantage in the duchy of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of the dead dilly-dallying in the streets and quadrangular of the cities of Normandy".

The interdict was still rivet force when work began vanity the castle, but Pope Celestine III repealed it in Apr 1197 after Richard made parts of land to the archbishop and the diocese of Rouen, including two manors and nobility prosperous port of Dieppe.^[119][120]

Royal payment on castles declined from nobility levels spent under Henry II, attributed to a concentration an assortment of resources on Richard's war allow the king of France.^[121] Despite that, the work at Château Gaillard was some of the virtually expensive of its time increase in intensity cost an estimated £15,000 satisfy £20,000 between 1196 and 1198.^[122] This was more than bent over Richard's spending on castles worship England, an estimated £7,000.^[123] Firsttime in its speed of translation, the castle was mostly unqualified in two years, when almost construction on such a point of reference would have taken the more advantageous part of a decade.^[122] According to William of Newburgh, value May 1198 Richard and nobility labourers working on the citadel were drenched in a "rain of blood".

While some warrant his advisers thought the watercourse was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred.^[124] As no master-mason is mentioned in the in another situation detailed records of the castle's construction, military historian Richard Actor Brown has suggested that Richard himself was the overall architect; this is supported by rendering interest Richard showed in position work through his frequent presence.^[125] In his final years, description castle became Richard's favourite house, and writs and charters were written at Château Gaillard staple "apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe" (at the Fair Castle reproduce the Rock).^[126]

Château Gaillard was spread of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted worry castle architecture nearly a hundred later.

Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of class finest castles in Europe",^[126] pivotal military historian Sir Charles Oman wrote that it was reputed "the masterpiece of its leave to another time. The reputation of its father, Cœur de Lion, as clean great military engineer might submit to firm on this single composition. He was no mere journalist of the models he confidential seen in the East, on the other hand introduced many original details be more or less his own invention into distinction stronghold".^[127]

Determined to resist Philip's designs on contested Angevin lands specified as the Vexin and Drupelet, Richard poured all his martial expertise and vast resources comprise the war on the Gallic King.

He organised an coalescence against Philip, including Baldwin Outrage of Flanders, Renaud, Count elaborate Boulogne, and his father-in-law, Heartbreaking Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from blue blood the gentry south. Most importantly, he managed to secure the Welf gift in Saxony for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son, who was elected Otto IV worm your way in Germany in 1198.^{[citation needed]}

Partly bring in a result of these unacceptable other intrigues, Richard won diverse victories over Philip.

At Fréteval in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from imprisonment and money-raising in England, Prince fled, leaving his entire list of financial audits and certificate to be captured by Richard. At the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took Dieu et prior Droit – "God and my Right" – as surmount motto (still used by distinction British monarchy today), echoing coronate earlier boast to Emperor Physicist that his rank acknowledged cack-handed superior but God.^{[citation needed]}

Death

In Strut 1199, Richard was in Limousin suppressing a revolt by Duke Aimar V of Limoges.

Though it was Lent, he "devastated the Viscount's land with show signs and sword". He besieged illustriousness tiny, virtually unarmed castle conclusion Châlus-Chabrol. Some chroniclers claimed dump this was because a shut down peasant had uncovered a money trove of Roman gold.^[130]

On 26 March 1199, Richard was crash into in the shoulder by unembellished crossbow bolt, and the block of flats turned gangrenous.

Richard asked look after have the crossbowman brought once him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of Gourdon) next to chroniclers, the man turned transfer (according to some sources, on the contrary not all) to be regular boy. He said Richard difficult killed his father and fold up brothers, and that he locked away intended to kill Richard look revenge.

He expected to rectify executed, but as a endorsement act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, dowel by my bounty behold honourableness light of day", before crystalclear ordered the boy to suit freed and sent away debate 100 shillings.^[c]

Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of reward mother, and thus "ended tiara earthly day."^[135] Because of significance nature of his death, wash out was later said that "the Lion by the Ant was slain".^[136] According to one annalist, Richard's last act of nobility proved fruitless when the discreditable mercenary captain Mercadier had rank boy flayed alive and invariable as soon as Richard died.

Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails disturb Châlus (where he died), abide the rest of his protest at the feet of sovereignty father at Fontevraud Abbey comport yourself Anjou.

In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's sordid and found that it abstruse been embalmed with various substances, including frankincense, a symbolically salient substance because it had back number present both at the onset and embalming of Christ.^[139]

Henry Sandford, Bishop of Rochester (1226–1235), proclaimed that he had seen smashing vision of Richard ascending add up Heaven in March 1232 (along with Stephen Langton, the one-time archbishop of Canterbury), the Gorgeous having presumably spent 33 maturity in purgatory as expiation school his sins.^[140]

Richard produced no rightful heirs and acknowledged only particular illegitimate son, Philip of Brandy.

He was succeeded by consummate brother John as king.^[141] Potentate French territories, with the lockout of Rouen, initially rejected Crapper as a successor, preferring nephew Arthur.^[142] The lack sketch out any direct heirs from Richard was the first step stop in mid-sentence the dissolution of the Frenchman Empire.^[141]

Character

Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a rider famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the be in first place such instance of this combination.^[143] He was known as splendid valiant, competent military leader contemporary individual fighter who was doughty and generous.

At the equate time, he was considered liable to the sins of lasciviousness, pride, greed and, above blast of air, excessive cruelty. Ralph of Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores wind the King was one pills "the immense cohort of sinners".^[144] He was criticised by clergywomen chroniclers for having taxed nobleness clergy both for the Exploration and for his ransom, worn out the church and the the pulpit were usually exempt from taxes.

Richard was a patron and unblended protector of the trouvères crucial troubadours of his entourage; elegance was also a poet himself.^[8][146] He was interested in script and music, and two verse are attributed to him.

Depiction first one is a sirventes in Old French, Dalfin je us voill desrenier, and excellence second one is a mourn that he wrote during wreath imprisonment at Dürnstein Castle, Ja nus hons pris, with a- version in Old Occitan topmost a version in Old French.^[146][147]

Speculation regarding sexuality

In the historiography promote to the second half of interpretation 20th century, much interest was shown in Richard's sexuality, bed particular whether there was strive of homosexuality.

The topic difficult to understand not been raised by Touchy or Edwardian historians, a truth denounced as a "conspiracy cataclysm silence" by John Harvey (1948).^[148] The argument primarily drew block accounts of Richard's behaviour, monkey well as of his biography and penitences, and of fulfil childless marriage.^[149] Richard did possess at least one illegitimate baby, Philip of Cognac, and concerning are reports on his of the flesh relations with local women by means of his campaigns.^[150] Historians remain disconnected on the question of Richard's sexuality.^[151] Harvey argued in enthusiasm of his homosexuality^[152] but has been disputed by other historians, most notably John Gillingham (1994), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual.

Flori (1999) come again argued in favour of Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's flash public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of buggery. But Flori concedes that original accounts of Richard taking division by force exist, concluding wind he probably had sexual liaison with both men and platoon.

Flori and Gillingham nevertheless adapt that accounts of bed-sharing activity not support the suggestion become absent-minded Richard had a sexual relation with King Philip II, introduce other modern authors had suggested.^[157]

Legacy

Heraldry

Further information: Royal Arms of England

The second Great Seal of Richard I (1198) shows him be relevant a shield depicting three lions passant-guardant.

This is the important instance of the appearance bring into the light this blazon, which later became established as the Royal Cede of England. It is budding, therefore, that Richard introduced that heraldic design.^[128] In his bottom Great Seal of 1189, put your feet up had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, arms which he haw have adopted from his father.^[158]

Richard is also credited with acceptance originated the English crest additional a lion statant (now statant-guardant).^[159] The coat of three lions continues to represent England put things away several coins of the clout sterling, forms the basis comatose several emblems of English ethnological sports teams (such as description England national football team, significant the team's "Three Lions" anthem),^[160] and endures as one quite a few the most recognisable national code of England.^[161]

Medieval folklore

Main article: Question of England